May 2010 – Page 2 – Dodger Thoughts

Nam Y. Huh/AP
Players and fans wait during the fourth-inning power outage at Wrigley Field.

Gosh, there are just so many jokes you can make about a power outage at a baseball game, I really don’t know which one to pick. It’s like Cyrano offering multiple choices for the right nose hose. But the Dodgers were just happy to get the last laugh tonight with an 8-5 victory over the Cubs.

This was a weird one from the start for the strike-minded Chad Billingsley, who faced 11 batters in the first two innings but threw only 28 pitches in the process, allowing one run. In the third inning, a Rafael Furcal error (his third in two games) on a potential double-play grounded forced Billingsley into extended dance mode. A bases-loaded hit batter cut the Dodgers’ lead to 5-2, but Billingsley got out the final two batters of the inning to escape further damage.

Then in the fourth, with Billingsley due up, this became the night the lights went out in Georgia – er, Chicago. The 18-minute delay, combined with the extra work from the Furcal inning, seemed likely to hasten Billingsley’s exit from the game, though he did face only one batter over the minimum in the bottom of the fourth and fifth innings. But in the sixth, after the Dodgers built their lead up to 7-2, Billingsley was pulled after allowing a one-out homer to Xavier Nady and a single to Kosuke Fukudome. He finished the night charged with two earned runs on a career-high 10 hits but only one walk, while striking out six. It wasn’t his best performance in recent weeks, but hard to be too critical considering all the mummenschanz. He faced 28 batters and was charged with 30 balls out of the strike zone.

Billingsley, for those who care about such things, is quietly on pace for a 21-win season. He has a 2.51 ERA in seven starts dating back to April 20.

Reliever Ronald Belisario induced a double play to end the sixth but was charged with two runs in the seventh. Those came thanks in part to two hits to left (an Alfonso Soriano double off Belisario, a two-run Jeff Baker triple off Hong-Chih Kuo) that would have been caught by a better left fielder than Manny Ramirez, who continues to look worse in the outfield since he returned from the disabled list than he ever has as a Dodger. Instead, even though Kuo struck out the side, the Dodger lead was cut to 7-5.

Jonathan Broxton, rested since Saturday, appeared with one out in the eighth and a runner on first and induced the Cubs to hit into their third double play of the night (not counting, obviously, the one Furcal didn’t get). Broxton then retired the side in order in the ninth for the sixth five-out save of his career.

Six different Dodgers drove in runs, including James Loney, who singled, doubled and tripled. Casey Blake drove in the Dodgers’ first run with a double and their last run with a solo homer that enabled Loney to get a chance to hit for the cycle. Loney flied to medium left field.

And so the Dodgers avoided hitting a mini-swoon, ending their two-game losing streak. Early game on Thursday: lights or no lights.

James McDonald injured

In Uncategorized

In the middle of his best start of the season – five innings, two hits, no walks, no runs, six strikeouts – Albuquerque pitcher James McDonald hurt his right hamstring on the basepaths and was pulled from the game, according to the Isotopes radio broadcast. I’ll post any details on the injury as soon as I hear them.

Venus Flytrap explains the atom, but not the bullpen

In Game chat, Uncategorized

Reed Johnson: Dodgers’ hottest hitter
Dodgers at Cubs, 5:05 p.m.

Rafael Furcal, SS
Russell Martin, C
Matt Kemp, CF
Manny Ramirez, LF
Casey Blake, 3B
James Loney, 1B
Reed Johnson, RF
Blake DeWitt, 2B
Chad Billingsley, P

Joe Torre confirmed to reporters today that the Dodgers will call up a pitcher from Albuquerque before Friday’s game. He also said that Ramon Ortiz would be backing up Carlos Monasterios that day.

Andre Ethier is likely to head out soon on a rehab assignment in Albuquerque, Torre and the Dodgers said.

Elsewhere …

John Lackey has an ERA is above 5.00. Alex Remington of Big League Stew says it’s Lackey’s command. If Lackey were a Dodger, John Ely could turn him around.
Dodger photographer extraordinaire Jon SooHoo has created the Dodger Photog Blog. (via TheLFP.com)
Tim Brown of Yahoo! Sports interviews Toronto batting coach Dwayne Murphy about the Blue Jays’ record pace for home runs. “I think on-base percentage is an overrated stat,” Murphy said. “Those guys getting on base, most of them aren’t getting them in. Give me somebody who drives them in after that. I need guys who can drive the ball.”
Stephen Fry supports the Great Britain baseball team. Awesome. (Thanks, Baseball Musings.)
Al Yellon of Bleed Cubbie Blue looks at the latest in policing drinking problems in the Wrigley Field bleachers.

If you came to last night’s game with a bleacher ticket, and wanted to drink alcohol, you needed to get a wristband from crowd control. This is an outstanding idea and props to the Cubs for being proactive after the problems a couple of weeks ago and coming up with a solution. There were crowd control people checking ID’s as people entered, and also several tables set up inside the bleachers issuing wristbands if you missed that coming in.

While it’s not a perfect system, it should cut way down on the underage drinking. Incidentally, even though ID’s are checked as you get a wristband, they will be checked again by the alcohol servers. There were a few people ejected last night, but no fights and the crowd, though small — the bleachers were only about 2/3 full and the paid attendance of 34,749 was the smallest of the season — was peaceful.

Are the Padres going to turn into pumpkins? Longtime Ducksnorts blogger Geoff Young asks and answers at The Hardball Times.

Monasterios to start Friday

In Pitching

Carlos Monasterios will start Friday for the Dodgers in Colorado, according to Tony Jackson of ESPNLosAngeles.com. The team is expected to go back to a 12-man staff by then, and Jackson thinks Scott Elbert might get the call despite his control problems. Elbert has allowed four earned runs in his past 16 1/3 innings, though he has 11 walks in that time.

If the Dodgers are looking for a lefty specialist for the time being, Elbert might be the guy. According to Minor League Splits, Elbert has walked three of 40 left-handed batters he has faced (8 percent) and 26 of 139 right-handed batters (19 percent). Lefties are batting .229 against Elbert (.304 batting average on balls in play); righties .301 (.383).

But if they just want a long man in the bullpen – and someone who might take the next start instead of Monasterios – perhaps James McDonald is the better choice.

* * *

Rafael Furcal wasn’t the only one who goofed Tuesday. I managed to miss another start Ryan Dempster made against the Dodgers last year – August 23. Thanks to commenter DodgerKramer for alerting me. Dempster allowed no earned runs in seven innings that outing, meaning that his streak of innings without allowing an earned run against the Dodgers is actually 22.

Dempster’s Revenge: Cubs shut out Dodgers (again)

On May 25, 2010

In Game wrap, Uncategorized

Charles Rex Arbogast/AP
In his past 15 innings against the Dodgers, Ryan Dempster has allowed four runners to reach second base and none to score.

Ryan Dempster would rather have the first game of the 2008 National League Division Series back, but he’s doing well with consolation prizes.

Since giving up the NLDS-changing grand slam in October 2008, Dempster has pitched twice for the Cubs against the Dodgers – May 30 last year and tonight – and done nothing less than throw 15 consecutive scoreless innings against the Dodgers, who lost their second straight game after winning 12 of 13, 3-0.

Dempster went eight innings this time around, allowing three hits and walking one while striking out seven. Russell Martin (single), Manny Ramirez (single and walk) and Casey Blake (single) were the only baserunners for the Dodgers, whose final 16 hitters were retired by Dempster and Cubs closer Carlos Marmol.

Rafael Furcal had a miserable return from the disabled list, going 0 for 4 with two errors, each of which led to an unearned run. The first was a failed backhand pickup on a Ryan Theriot grounder leading off the bottom of the sixth, with Theriot coming around to score on a Derrek Lee single to break a scoreless duel between Dempster and Clayton Kershaw. Kershaw lowered his ERA for the season to 2.90 with six innings of four-hit, two-walk, four-strikeout ball, but was charged with the loss.

Furcal then threw in the dirt after fielding a Starlin Castro grounder starting the bottom of the eighth, and Lee (3 for 3 with a walk) homered off reliever Ramon Troncoso – who told Ken Gurnick of MLB.com hours before that he had figured out the flaw in his delivery that caused him to give up three other homers last week – to give the Cubs breathing room.

In his past four starts covering 28 1/3 innings, Kershaw’s ERA is 0.64.

Update: Rafael Furcal wasn’t the only one who goofed Tuesday. I managed to miss another start Ryan Dempster made against the Dodgers last year – August 23. Thanks to commenter DodgerKramer for alerting me. Dempster allowed no earned runs in seven innings that outing, meaning that his streak of innings without allowing an earned run against the Dodgers is actually 22.

Kershaw LXI: Kershawrms and the Man

On May 25, 2010

In Game chat, Pitching, Uncategorized

Christopher Hanewinckel/US Presswire
Clayton Kershaw is averaging 105 pitches per game in nine starts this season. Chad Billingsley averaged 110 in his first nine starts of 2009.

Who’s Dempster diving?
Dodgers at Cubs, 5:10 p.m.

Rafael Furcal, SS
Russell Martin, C
Matt Kemp, CF
Manny Ramirez, LF
James Loney, 1B
Casey Blake, 3B
Xavier Paul, RF
Blake DeWitt, 2B
Clayton Kershaw, P

Clayton Kershaw, 22, threw 3,020 pitches last season and, with 942 under his belt in 2010, is on pace for approximately 3,600 this season. In fact, he has an extremely viable chance of throwing the most pitches of anyone in the majors age 23 or under since 2000.

The top 10 names on the list are Felix Hernandez, Scott Kazmir, Matt Cain, Ryan Dempster (tonight’s Cubs starter), Dontrelle Willis, Barry Zito, Randy Wolf, Ben Sheets, Mark Buehrle and Carlos Zambrano. Mark Prior is 13th on the list, and Chad Billingsley’s 2008 season is 17th.

It doesn’t necessarily mean anything, because trouble comes to pitchers with all kinds of histories. But FYI …

Name	Pitches	Year	Trouble?
Hernandez	3633	2009
Kazmir	3608	2007	2009
Cain	3606	2008
Dempster	3606	2000	2001
Willis	3555	2005	2007
Zito	3538	2001	2004 or 2007?
Wolf	3528	2000	mid-2004
Sheets	3510	2002	mid-2003
Buehrle	3510	2002
Zambrano	3471	2004	2010

* * *

Watch what happens when Dempster throws a changeup tonight. Opponents are 1 for 27 against his changeup this season, but the Dodgers are batting .305 against them, according to John Fisher of ESPN Stats and Information.

Including his 2008 playoff grand slam, James Loney has hit five consecutive fly balls off Dempster. The other four were caught. Loney’s last regular-season hit off Dempster was in 2007.

* * *

Kyle Russell has been on a tear for Class A Inland Empire, with six homers in his past six games. For the season, the 6-foot-5 outfielder has an on-base percentage of .431 and slugging percentage of .652. Writes Kevin Goldstein of Baseball Prospectus: “Drafted as a college senior, he turns 24 in June so it’s time to move him up, and scouts still aren’t convinced that he can hit enough at the upper levels, as evidenced by his 53 whiffs in 164 at-bats. One way or another, it’s time to find out.” A move could be tied into a promotion for the endlessly hot Jerry Sands, who is at .457/.758 for Low A Great Lakes.

Rafael Furcal activated – George Sherrill to DL

On May 25, 2010

In Health/injuries, Uncategorized

The Dodgers have announced that Rafael Furcal is starting at shortstop and batting leadoff tonight in Chicago. The team’s public relations department told me that struggling reliever George Sherrill will be placed on the disabled list with “mid-back tightness.”

Chin-Lung Hu has broken nose

On May 24, 2010

In Farm system

Albuquerque infielder Chin-Lung Hu went on the AAA disabled list over the weekend with a broken nose, according to the Isotopes. (I was tipped to this by New Mexico Fan via Sons of Steve Garvey.)

No immediate word on how long Hu, who was OPSing .815 in May, will be out. This could conceivably affect the Dodgers’ roster decisions with regard to Nick Green, though I don’t expect it will.

Other notes from Albuquerque:

Tonight’s Reno-Albuquerque matchup pits former Dodger teammates Brett Butler and Tim Wallach against each other as opposing managers.
Jamie Hoffmann needed a 10th inning Sunday to extend his hitting streak to 17 games. He’s batting .417 during the streak.
John Lindsey went 4 for 5 to raise his batting average to .434.

Dodger Cogs and Dogs: Edition 5

On May 24, 2010

In Dodger Cogs and Dogs

One of the keys to understanding Dodger Cogs and Dogs is that workload matters. That’s why Jonathan Broxton has trouble staying in the top 10 despite All-Star caliber performance, why Rafael Furcal has fallen behind Jamey Carroll, and why Ramon Troncoso outranks Jeff Weaver despite a poorer ERA. Now, I’m not exactly applying this in an analytical way – as always, this feature intentionally is meant to have a big subjective element. But in determining which Dodgers have been more valuable over the course of the entire season, I have to give some consideration to the guys who are carrying more playing time.

This was an interesting set of rankings, as the four main Dodger starting pitchers now have above-average 2010 performance for the first time this season. The pendulum of the season that was so far on the side of offense has been swinging back – without the offense really being in that much of a decline.

5/24 .	5/13 .	5/3 .	4/19 .	4/12 .	Player	Comment
1	1	1	2	11	Andre Ethier	Eagerly waiting to see if he can pick up where he left off.
2	2	2	3	1	Hiroki Kuroda	Three runs in six innings constitutes a bad start in ’10.
3	5	6	10	20	Clayton Kershaw	Could be his last time behind Kuroda in the rankings.
4	4	3	1	5	Matt Kemp	On pace for 33 homers despite missing on his 10th Sunday; defense still inconsistent.
5	3	4	4	9	Manny Ramirez	Sub-.700 OPS since coming off the DL.
6	7	10	5	2	Russell Martin	Might be ranked too high, but subjective points for appearance of being team backbone again.
7	8	26	NR	NR	John Ely	Nice to see him survive adversity Saturday.
8	11	12	12	10	Chad Billingsley	Combined with Ely, his rebound made this a team with pitching again.
9	16	11	7	6	Casey Blake	Just when he finally was looking his age at the plate, a resurgence. Too many errors, though.
10	6	8	9	24	James Loney	Doesn’t make headlines, doesn’t hit enough for his position, but still valuable.
11	10	5	6	13	Jonathan Broxton	18 2/3 innings, 18 baserunners, 29 strikeouts
12	12	15	14	14	Blake DeWitt	Seems to be steadily improving. Three triples last week – more power a matter of time?
13	17	18	21	18	Jamey Carroll	Our own little pesky Eckstein – who’d have thunk?
14	9	7	8	4	Rafael Furcal	Gonna have to start out well to avoid “Bring Back Carroll” chants from the “What have you done for me lately” crowd.
15	19	19	NR	NR	Xavier Paul	Very quietly just hitting, and hitting, and hitting. Is he the outfield’s Ely?
16	18	NR	NR	NR	Hong-Chih Kuo	Kuo is just the man. Do I need to say more?
17	15	9	11	12	Ramon Troncoso	Victim of his own success – Cogs & Dogs trying not to overpunish him for being overused.
18	14	16	18	21	Carlos Monasterios	One apperance since May 11, but we’re still fans.
19	13	14	13	7	Ronnie Belliard	Declining factor compared with April.
20	20	17	20	8	Reed Johnson	Uh, did you know he went 8 for 12 last week? Most of the Dodger bench has been pretty grand.
21	22	21	17	15	Jeff Weaver	Is it kinda strange how he keeps getting the job done?
22	23	20	15	25	Vicente Padilla	Hey, he could be a great No. 5 starter next month.
23	25	22	19	19	A.J. Ellis	No automatic out – if he plays.
24	26	24	23	23	Brad Ausmus	Yeah, you know he’s moving up in the rankings! Oh wait – maybe that’s not good.
25	24	NR	NR	NR	Ronald Belisario	Still like him, but this season he’s at 14 1/3 innings, 10 runs.
26	21	23	24	17	Ramon Ortiz	He’s just not gonna fool enough of the people enough of the time.
27	27	NR	NR	NR	Nick Green	Made a couple of loud outs in his first start.
28	28	27	26	26	George Sherrill	Last Dodger pitcher to go from this great to this awful: Hideo Nomo?
29	29	28	25	NR	Jon Link	Not the key to the Juan Pierre trade, it turns out.
30	30	29	27	22	Russ Ortiz	Sherrill still hasn’t put Ortiz completely out of rear-view mirror.
31	31	25	16	3	Charlie Haeger	Reportedly has solved mechanical trouble, says Tony Jackson.
32	32	30	22	16	Garret Anderson	Three hits in past eight at-bats, but hasn’t risen above painful stage.

Dodgers play smashball but lose, 6-2

In Game wrap, Uncategorized

It wasn’t for lack of hitting the ball hard. Three times the Dodgers smashed Whac-a-mole shots at Tigers starting pitcher Rick Porcello, and all they got for their trouble was an infield single and three outs.

So even though the Dodgers always seemed on the verge of rallying to overcome the three runs Hiroki Kuroda allowed in the first inning Sunday, eventually things all fell apart in a 6-2 loss to Detroit.

For the third consecutive day, a different Dodger starting pitcher held the Tigers scoreless after the first inning. But unfortunately for Kuroda (six innings, six hits, one walk, five strikeouts), the Dodger offense did not have much luck on its side.

With Russell Martin on second base in the bottom of the first inning, Porcello snared Matt Kemp’s liner and turned it into a double play.
With runners on first and second base in the bottom of the fourth inning, Porcello flagged James Loney’s hot shot and turned it into an out that helped him exit the inning without allowing a run.
There was another shot off Porcello that went for an infield hit, and the Dodgers scored two runs in the bottom of the fifth on Xavier Paul’s single to left. But with two on and two out, Kemp rocketed one to center – deep, but not deep enough.

After that, virtually nothing went the Dodgers way. Manny Ramirez grounded out as a pinch-hitter with the bases loaded in the sixth, and Magglio Ordonez homered off Ronald Belisario in the eighth to give Detroit an insurance run. The Dodgers got their 10th hit and third walk in the bottom of the eighth inning, but pinch-hitter Ronnie Belliard hit into the team’s third double play. The Tigers added two more runs in the ninth, and Martin made it four double plays to end the game.

Martin, Paul, Garret Anderson, Blake DeWitt and Jamey Carroll each reached base twice, but it just wasn’t the Dodgers’ day.

‘Lost’ finale chat

In Television

To the island for one last time …

Remembering Jose Lima: Time ticks away so fast

In Farewells, Uncategorized

Jon SooHoo/Los Angeles Dodgers
Jose Lima received an ovation from Dodger Stadium fans at Friday’s game.

One of the things I’ll remember most about Jose Lima is his unspoken farewell to the Dodgers.

That shutout he pitched against St. Louis in the 2004 playoffs, that unbelievable, electric night, was also the last game Lima pitched for the Dodgers. Lima had come to the Dodgers with a contract of one year and expectations of about zero. The year before, he had pitched 73 1/3 innings for Kansas City with a 4.91 ERA and all of 32 strikeouts. The year before that, with Detroit, Lima’s ERA was 7.77.

Lima only found his way onto the Dodger roster the way fringe players often do, thanks in part to the misfortune of others. If Paul Shuey hadn’t ruptured a tendon in his thumb at the end of March 2004, Dodger fans might never have heard of “Lima Time.”

It was almost as much of a miracle that Lima stayed on the roster. His ERA on May 9, after nine appearances, was 7.91. Whatever people feel today about Ramon Ortiz (who is only six months younger than Lima), that’s about what they felt about Lima six years ago this month.

But then Lima began having those “Lima Time” moments. He didn’t allow an earned run for a month, including 5 2/3 innings of shutout ball in relief against the Cubs and eight innings of in a start against Arizona. And although bad outings would crop up here and there, he became something of an unlikely hero. His personality – which alienated some of us when he pitched for other teams – became something you couldn’t get enough of. You just looked forward to seeing him on the mound, even if the results were unpredictable.

All this led to the pinnacle of his time in a Dodger uniform, that October night against the Cardinals, the crowd mad with delight, Lima genuflecting after the final out.

The Dodger offseason began about 24 hours later, after the team lost the third of four playoff games to St. Louis. Not surprisingly, the popular feeling in town was that the Dodgers had to bring Lima back – how could they not? But if you looked closely at the situation, you sadly realized that it was almost inevitable that Lima would not return. Based on the rules that existed at the time, the Dodgers were actually operating at a disadvantage compared with the other 29 teams in baseball in that they had to offer him salary arbitration or forfeit the right to negotiate with him on the open market. Essentially, the system at the time required the Dodgers pay Lima more than any other team had to. And given that Lima’s performance was so fluky, it just didn’t make sense for them to do so.

Lima signed a $2.5 million contract with Kansas City at Christmas, and the following year, his ERA soared to 6.99. After four more appearances with the Mets in 2006, Lima was out of the majors for good, at age 33.

It’s heartbreaking that a man with so much life left this world, just as he left the majors, so quickly. And it’s heartbreaking that it happened just as Los Angeles was about to spend more time with him – Lima, according to the Dodgers, had just become a member of the Dodger Alumni Association and was preparing make community appearances as well as open a youth baseball academy this summer in Los Angeles.

Our time to enjoy Jose Lima, from the start, was fleeting. Fundamentally so. There were few better to remind us to appreciate the moment while we can. For me, Jose Lima will always be one of the most important Dodgers in that respect – an infinite reminder of the finite, a beacon for savoring the precious.

* * *

Others remembrances of Lima:

Tony Jackson, ESPNLosAngeles.com
Tim Brown, Yahoo! Sports
Evan Drellich, MLB.com
Josh Rawitch, Inside the Dodgers

Jose Lima dies of heart attack at 37

In Farewells, Uncategorized

Jeff Gross/Getty Images
Jose Lima at the start of a memorable night: October 9, 2004.

No Furcal today
Tigers at Dodgers, 1:10 p.m.

Russell Martin, C
Xavier Paul, RF
Matt Kemp, CF
James Loney, 1B
Casey Blake, 3B
Garret Anderson, LF
Blake DeWitt, 2B
Jamey Carroll, SS
Hiroki Kuroda, P

Shocking news: Former Dodger Jose Lima has passed away from a heart attack at the age of 37, according to his wife. The news was first reported by ESPNdeportes.com (link via Bob Timmermann).

Lima was a 1999 All-Star with Houston and enjoyed one of his most magical seasons with the 2004 Dodgers, for whom he had a 4.07 ERA and delivered a shutout in the National League Division Series, the Dodgers’ first playoff win in 16 years. His “Lima Time” enthusiasm for the game won’t be forgotten.

From Dodger Thoughts, October 9, 2004: “Prima Lima – He’s a Dreama”

Lakers trainer Gary Vitti comes to Andre Ethier’s aid

In Game chat, Health/injuries

Matt Kartozian/US Presswire
Andre Ethier has fallen out of the National League home run lead while on the disabled list.

Tony Jackson of ESPNLosAngeles.com writes that Dodger trainer Stan Conte asked his Lakers counterpart Gary Vitti for guidance about Andre Ethier’s pinkie fracture, and Vitti recommended a special splint that appears to have accelerated Ethier’s timetable for returning to the playing field.

… Conte put in a call to Vitti because he knew some of the Lakers players had dealt with similar injuries.

“This was the day before their playoff game,” Conte said. “But he called right back and couldn’t have been nicer.”

Vitti recommended a special splint that immobilizes the first knuckle but leaves the second knuckle flexible. What that does is allow Ethier to swing a bat more-or-less unfettered, which he has been doing in the indoor batting cages. Conte said Ethier already has progressed from hitting off a tee to hitting soft-toss pitches and even catching a ball because the split also allows him to squeeze his glove.

The knuckle that is broken has to be immobilized in order to heal. However, because of the splint, that knuckle can be immobilized without immobilizing the entire finger. That means the fracture doesn’t have to heal completely in order for Ethier to get back on the field. Conte said that when Ethier does return, he will play while wearing the splint, which he will wear constantly until the fracture heals.

This is a major step forward that conceivably could allow Ethier to return from the disabled list as soon as he becomes eligible to do so May 30 at Colorado. And while Conte wouldn’t go so far as to predict that, he did concede that the process is moving much more quickly than it would have without the splint.

* * *

Dodger starters have allowed three home runs in their past 99 2/3 innings, notes David Pinto of Baseball Musings. John Ely hasn’t allowed a homer in 31 2/3 innings, and Clayton Kershaw hasn’t given one up in 22 1/3 innings since May 4.
Blue Heaven posts a vintage snapshot of a young Bill Russell.
Not sure I’ll be in front of the computer if activation news about Rafael Furcal comes later this morning, but despite the reports of the past 24 hours that Blake DeWitt might be sent down to make room, I find that almost impossible to believe. You don’t send down the starting second baseman in order to keep a guy like Nick Green at the back of your bench.

Ely glides and Dodgers finish the ride, 6-4